The Nobel prizes are being handed out again and already we know the winners in the two categories of Medicine and Chemistry. We still await announcements for Physics, Literature, Peace and Economics. By nationality Medicine has been awarded to three Europeans and Chemistry to two Americans and a Japanese scientist. Will there be an African laureate in physics, don’t hold your breath. Africans have been conspicuous by their absence from the science Nobels and the Nobels in general, and this year looks like things will go to type.
So why aren’t we featuring more in garnering these prestigious awards? And most importantly should we care?
Before I attempt to answer these two questions here’s a snapshot by national origin of Nobel recipients since inception in 1901 to 2000.
National Origin of recipients of Nobel Prizes (1901- 2000)
|
Country |
Physics |
Chemistry |
Physiology/ Medicine |
Total |
1 |
USA |
75 |
49 |
85 |
209 |
2 |
Great Britain |
21 |
26 |
20 |
67 |
3 |
Germany |
16 |
29 |
14 |
59 |
4 |
France |
11 |
7 |
7 |
25 |
5 |
Russia (USSR) |
8 |
1 |
2 |
11 |
6 |
Scandinavia |
7 |
8 |
12 |
27 |
7 |
Other |
23 |
15 |
33 |
71 |
8 |
Grand Total |
161 |
135 |
173 |
469 |
For Mathematics the premier award is the Fields Medal which was founded by John Charles Fields in 1932. Fields Medals are given out every four years and the next lot will be handed out in 2010.
Looking at my first question my suspicion is that we don’t see many Africans because pure science like most sports at the Olympics is not financially rewarding for the majority of participants. Unless if you are Michael Phelps you are not going to make much money from swimming. So in a continent characterized by severe poverty should we care? Absolutely YES! And here’s why:
The paucity of African laureates firstly implies that Africans are stupid. There is a tremendous body of literature about race and intelligence, most of it contentious. In 1994 Richard Hernsterin and Charles Murray published their bestselling hereditarian primer “The Bell Curve,” which argued that blacks were innately inferior in intelligence to whites. Malcolm Gladwell notes that IQ fundamentalists (i.e. those who believe that intelligence is determined by genes) say the fact that Africans score lower than Europeans on I.Q. tests believe as James Watson (the co-discoverer of DNA) that the prospects for Africa are “inherently gloomy”. Mmmmmmmm not good. In effect what these guys are saying is that no matter what interventions you carry out in Africa they won’t work because Africans are too dumb to make it work. This body of work has also been used to justify why affirmative action programs especially in the US have failed.
To my knowledge four South Africans are science laureates, these are: Max Theiler, 1951; Alan M. Cormack, 1979; Sydney Brenner, 2002 (Physiology or Medicine); and Aaron Klug, 1982 (Chemistry). None of them are black.
The link between scientific R&D and economic performance is fairly well established. We know that scientific and technical developments spur productivity and other elements of business competitiveness. So it’s not surprising that countries that have won the Nobel prizes in the sciences also have high performing economies.
Though contentious, Intellectual Property which is often a product of R&D is a cornerstone of the knowledge economy. Technology behemoths such as IBM, HP, Intel, Microsoft etc have thousands of patents. In this knowledge driven, globalised environment where does Africa stand?
In the US companies such as Intel and Google are actively involved in the identification and encouragement of scientific talent at high school level. Here in Zimbabwe Old Mutual has been involved with the Mathematics Olympiad for a long time. Certainly, there is more scope for companies to play a part in the development of scientific talent locally. I know what you will say though. How can companies spend money on this when they are struggling to survive?
In my opinion the answer to developing Zimbabwe’s scientific ability and capacity lies not in government (public policy) or corporates but in individuals. My distrust of our government’s ability in this domain is based from my observations of how similar awards such as the NAMA awards have been carried out in the past. Now before you rush and commit me to the nearest asylum here’s why you should pause.
The biggest clue we have for the encouragement of scientific talent lies in the will and testament of Alfred Nobel himself. Nobel was a brilliant chemist and businessman. Whilst working in a lab in Italy, Nobel met Arcanio Sobrero who had developed an explosive oil named nitroglycerin. Immediately he saw the potential of this explosive, developed a design for its practical use (later he received a patent for it). The product Nobel developed was later called dynamite. On his death Nobel had 355 patents registered.
Nobel envisaged that the cash award that came with the prize would “allow the awardee to concentrate on his work without any need for income for some twenty years.” Very interesting. Nobel’s insight was that the pursuit of science is for the purist a non-commercial venture though loaded with commercial obligations. Scientific knowledge in itself often does not result in commercially useful applications but that does not meant the scientist should not pursue that knowledge. So Nobel bequeathed his considerable estate to the cause of science. He could have lobbied the government to implement a science policy or urged others in the corporate world to ‘do something’ but he just went ahead and did it himself. His vision and initiative has encouraged scientists to pursue science which in turn has been the bedrock for technological progress and ultimately economic growth.
Black Africans are laureates in Peace and Literature, which I believe is an indication of our intellectual ability. I think it’s only a matter of time before we see black Africans being awarded the prizes in Economics, Physics, Medicine and Chemistry. Supporting efforts to develop our intellectual resources ultimately lies with you and me. If we take this challenge seriously I’m sure within your lifetime and mine we shall see several African science laureates and other laureates in general.